New ASU center to help make better water decisions faster


February 2, 2023

Arizona’s water supply — including the Colorado River, which also provides water to six other Western states — is drying up. A warming climate is causing the region to undergo aridification, a process of permanently increasing dryness that goes beyond temporary drought conditions. Demand for water continues to grow, particularly in agriculture, despite the dwindling supply.

When rain does come to this parched region, it’s not all good news. Climate change is intensifying extreme weather events such as the atmospheric rivers that recently hit California, leading to devastating flooding and additional challenges to retaining the influx of water to refill reservoirs. Enrique Vivoni, the Fulton Professor of Hydrosystems Engineering in the Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering at Arizona State University, works in the Hydrology Research Lab in the Walton Center for Planetary Health at ASU’s Tempe campus. Enrique Vivoni, the Fulton Professor of Hydrosystems Engineering in the Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering at Arizona State University, works in the Hydrology Research Lab in the Walton Center for Planetary Health at ASU’s Tempe campus. Vivoni has launched a new research center, the Center for Hydrologic Innovations, to more quickly translate academic research and expertise in hydrology and hydrosystems engineering into tools that water management decision-makers can use. Photo by Erika Gronek/ASU Download Full Image

To keep this vital resource flowing now and in the future, decision-makers at both the local and national levels need the right information to make plans and policies related to water.

They rely in part on academic experts in hydrology, which is the study of water and its movement and relationship with the environment on and below the Earth’s surface, to provide critical data that can inform policy decisions.

“Whether there’s too much or too little water impacts the entire range of societal institutions, from municipal governments to multinational corporations,” says Enrique Vivoni, the Fulton Professor of Hydrosystems Engineering in the Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering at Arizona State University. “Better decision-making requires better information from the past, present and future. Using leading-edge technologies that provide sensing, prediction and analysis capabilities, water resources management can be enhanced for public benefit.”

To use this information and technology effectively, the research community and water management stakeholders need to work together. So Vivoni is leading efforts to more quickly translate academic expertise and research into actionable tools for decision-makers in a new research center.

The Center for Hydrologic Innovations — a partnership between the School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, part of the Fulton Schools, and the Julie Ann Wrigley Global Futures Laboratory — brings together academic researchers and external stakeholders to collaboratively develop solutions that can address the most pressing water challenges in the desert southwest.

The center provides support to other centers and initiatives at the university and builds on ASU’s strengths in water science and resource management, which were recently recognized through the Arizona Water Innovation Initiative, a $40 million investment by the state of Arizona. ASU was chosen to lead this multiyear initiative to provide immediate, actionable and evidence-based solutions to help ensure Arizona will continue to thrive with a secure future water supply.

The center exemplifies the ASU Charter and mission to advance research of public value and serve the community. It is also well positioned to make positive economic and environmental impacts in Arizona and beyond by drawing on the university’s strengths in entrepreneurship and technology transfer with support from Skysong Innovations and a focus on workforce development in line with the New Economy Initiative.

“Through applied engineering projects, the folks we’re working with and working for have a say in the development of products that they can immediately use,” says Vivoni, the center’s director and a senior global futures scientist with the ASU Global Futures Laboratory.

A collaborative approach to research

The center’s activities are structured in what Vivoni calls “solution spaces.” In each solution space, faculty and student researchers collaborate with partners in utilities, government agencies, industry or other groups. These partners come together through a shared interest in a specific water management issue, such as water resilience and sustainability, climate and hydrologic hazards, or natural resource management.

From the start of a project in a given solution space, all partners involved work together to define a research question and develop a tool that is impactful and immediately applicable to a real-world issue.

“It’s a fairly new way of doing work in engineering,” says Vivoni, noting that academic research in hydrosystems engineering and water management research has often been disconnected from and out of reach for the stakeholders who could use it.

Each partner brings expertise the others need for designing effective solutions. The faculty researchers combine expertise in Earth-observing systems, numerical prediction systems, big data analytics and other advances in scientific knowledge to develop new tools.

Government, industry and other partners offer valuable perspective and feedback on how the tools can be implemented, how they fit within the regulatory space and provide additional data for researchers to use in their models and visualization platforms.

“Through this process of continual feedback, we get to a final product in which the stakeholders and others involved in the partnerships have made key decisions along the way,” Vivoni says. “Folks at agencies and utilities have been very appreciative of this because we’re opening the ‘black box’ of the research process.”

Margaret Garcia, an assistant professor of hydrosystems engineering and researcher in the center, believes solution spaces will improve her and her colleagues’ ability to make an impact on water management policy.

“Understanding stakeholder perspectives and needs and fostering trust is key to having our research be ultimately used in policymaking and design and operational decisions,” she says. “I think the solution spaces approach of pairing stakeholder partners and research problems at the project conceptualization phase will increase the probability and pace of successful technology transfer.”

Expanding hydrosystems engineering research impact

Vivoni has demonstrated this method’s efficacy in his own hydrosystems engineering research over the past several years.

Three of Vivoni's collaborations have contributed to early projects of the center. One involved exploring the benefits of wildfire prevention treatments on water supply for the Salt River Project. Another focused on developing a web-based tool with the Central Arizona Project to assess short- and long-term climate scenarios and their impact on the Colorado River. In the third project, he worked with the Arizona Department of Environmental Quality to enhance observation of arid rivers in the Western U.S. to determine when water is present, assess when flooding is likely and develop effective streamflow management techniques.

Through the Center for Hydrologic Innovations, he hopes to expand this approach to help his colleagues in the hydrosystems engineering domain at ASU increase their impact on critical areas of need: hydrologic modeling, remote sensing of water applications, big data analytics, water sustainability, hydrologic impact assessments and similar topics.

The group of seven faculty members — Vivoni and Garcia along with Assistant Professors Tianfang Xu, Ruijie Zeng, Saurav Kumar and Rebecca Muenich and Associate Professor Giuseppe Mascaro — are a dynamic group of researchers who are establishing themselves as reputed scholars in the field. Vivoni hopes that, with the center in place, he can fast-track the career growth of younger scholars and faculty colleagues.

“We’re creating opportunities for faculty researchers and their students to grow, to contribute to something bigger than any individual effort, get their work out there and connect with others in ways that would normally take 15 or 20 years to achieve,” Vivoni says. “I’m trying to short-circuit the length of time that it took me to reach this particular stage.”

So far, they’ve worked together closely to develop the hydrosystems engineering curriculum in the School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Garcia says. However, this is their first foray to coordinate research efforts.

“I believe that the Center for Hydrologic Innovations will facilitate the collaboration needed to tackle the broad and complex water challenges we face,” Garcia says.

Together with other colleagues at ASU, they have collaborated on developing the center’s strategies, goals and potential partners.

The team of faculty researchers is also beginning work on their own projects through the center’s solution spaces, including a nature-based water management effort led by Muenich with funding and partnership from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

Mascaro is leading another project in collaboration with Xu and colleagues from the University of Arizona, Northern Arizona University and the Arizona Department of Water Resources. As a group, they will identify opportunities to capture water that would normally evaporate to store it underground without affecting surface water flows. The team will also assess the potential of this method to increase Arizona’s water supply.

“(The center’s model) is a great way of readily transferring our research outcomes into practice,” Mascaro says. “The interaction with stakeholders is not new to me since I have done it in several other projects at ASU. However, the adoption of my research products in the day-to-day operations of agencies and stakeholders has rarely happened. I hope the center will help achieve this extra step.”

Arizona economic impact

The goal of the solution spaces is to develop new software tools, algorithms and visualization approaches that support improved monitoring, forecasting and understanding of hydrologic systems. These innovations are often generalizable beyond a specific project for a particular client or partner.

Vivoni sees opportunities for the center to promote a culture of innovation and entrepreneurship among the faculty researchers. In line with ASU’s strength in securing patents, the center’s research team plans to apply for patents and eventual licensing in coordination with Skysong Innovations, which helps to translate research by ASU and its partners into real-world impact.

Vivoni and Zhaocheng Wang, a graduate research assistant affiliated with the center, have already obtained a provisional patent for a method to detect water presence in arid rivers through Earth-observing systems. The robust algorithm underlying the method can be used to detect water changes in other environments as well, such as agricultural areas, coastal zones, forests and the built environment.

“We have the ability to take university innovation into the marketplace within the water resources sector and be used by a wide range of professionals in a shorter amount of time,” Vivoni says.

He notes that recent advances in cloud computing, remote sensing, computing power and other technology developments have allowed hydrosystems engineering innovations to be scalable for use outside of academia for the first time.

“The timing is good now because it’s a lot easier to go from university research to implementation in the real world at a massive scale,” Vivoni says. “Few university researchers have figured out how to do this yet.”

In addition to the center’s solution space partners, Vivoni says there is another emerging market for their work.

“There’s an entire industry of climate and water startups engaged in advancing environmental data, decision-making data and IT,” he says. “We can get what we do out there more quickly and impact certain areas that are ready to absorb these advances as they’re created.”

The Phoenix area and the entire Western U.S. have a large number of professionals in water-related careers who can also benefit through workforce development training. Vivoni plans to host workshops and other training events where these professionals can learn how to use the tools and techniques developed through the center.

The center’s approach is a flexible model that he says is reproducible for a wide range of stakeholders, projects and problem spaces.

“I can imagine that if we’re successful, there’s going to be center directors in probably every state that come to us to learn how we implement our solutions spaces, partnership and market adoption models,” Vivoni says.

But first, their focus is closer to home.

“While our work is global in impact, we begin with local partners in Arizona and the Western U.S. where water is a vital resource for society.”

Monique Clement

Lead communications specialist, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering

480-727-1958

Running out of river, running out of time

September 20, 2022

3-part series to examine the 100th anniversary of the Colorado Water Compact

Editor’s note: This story is featured in the 2022 year in review.

Editor's note: This is the first in a three-part series examining water in the Southwest in recognition of the 100th anniversary of the Colorado River Compact. Look for the next installment in October and the third in time for the compact's anniversary near the end of November.

Let’s be clear about this: It’s not just about water.

Every time you lift a glass of water to your lips, enjoy a hot shower or fill up your swimming pool, there’s a certain amount of fraught history coming out of the faucet.

From personal health and food production to recreation, business, politics and even culture, water touches almost every aspect of life in Arizona. It is essential. Despite this fact, over the past century, not much has changed in terms of how we get it, how we use it and our attitudes toward its encroaching scarcity. But those in the know understand we’re getting to a tipping point that will force us all to adjust our attitudes and change our consumption habits.

And change we must.

The Colorado River provides water for millions of acres of irrigation and some 40 million people in tribes and cities in Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico, Colorado, California, Wyoming, Utah and Mexico. But the literal wellspring of the Southwest region’s vitality is drying up, and fast.

We’re already in the second year of allocation cuts, which directs how much states can draw from the Colorado River, and deeper cuts are on the way. A “Tier 1 shortage” has already been declared, but the feds have recently indicated that a Tier 2 shortage may be declared by the end of this year, mandating larger cuts, especially to Arizona.

The Bureau of Reclamation has already asked basin states and tribes to give them suggestions for how to cut 2 million to 4 million more acre-feet of water consumption per year to keep the river’s largest storage reservoirs, Lake Mead and Lake Powell, from falling to dead poolDead-pool status is reached when the water level is so low in a reservoir that water can no longer flow downstream from a dam. and becoming unusable.

Lake Powell Reservoir

A view of the Lake Powell reservoir in 1995. Photo courtesy of Wikimedia Commons

Scientists, researchers and academics who have been ringing the alarm bell for years are now getting more attention thanks to recent photos of bones and sunken boats in Lake Mead, bathtub rings at the Hoover Dam or the stark satellite images of these shrinking bodies of water.

Clark County, Nevada, recently voted to cap the size of all new swimming pools to save water. The town of Las Vegas, New Mexico, announced in late August that it had less than 30 days of drinking water. And on Sept. 19, a top Colorado official warned that Western reservoirs could run dry in three to four years if strict conservation methods aren't adhered to.

It's not as if this is coming out of the blue. The public has been concerned about this issue for some time, but many feel that policymakers and water managers have failed to act or act quickly enough to meet the spiraling challenges.

It’s also a concern to several experts at Arizona State University, who have been using their knowledge and skills to gauge the severity of this phenomenon and have been charged to come up with possible solutions to this existential threat to the Southwest.

What follows is the first in a three-part series by ASU News on the 100th anniversary of the Colorado River Compact, its history, how we got here and where we are headed.

Body of water

A view of the Colorado River in 2015. Photo courtesy of Wikimedia Commons

A dubious start

Agreements, pacts and contracts are usually done in good faith. But that really doesn’t apply to the Colorado River Compact, which will recognize its centennial in November. According to one Arizona State University professor, every participant went into the deal with suspicion, self-interests and hostility toward other participants in the negotiations.

“There’s an old phraseThis quote has often attributed to American writer, humorist and lecturer Mark Twain. used in the West: ‘Whiskey is for drinking and water is for fighting,’” said Taylor Weiss, assistant professor in ASU’s Environmental and Resource Management Program. “Even when these agreements were made — and let’s call these forward-thinking individuals who were very creative — they were thinking about how they were going to subvert those agreements from the onset. … Essentially, everybody thought everyone else was padding their numbers.”

Historic black and white photo of the Colorado River

Photo of the Colorado River from 1913. Photo courtesy of the Library of Congress

Weiss is referring to the original Colorado River Compact of 1922, which took seven states and the federal government almost a year to hammer out. Their goal was to fairly allocate the river’s water among the seven basin states so each would know how much water they could remove from the river to promote future development.

Their task sounded simple enough: reduce floods and put the river’s water to work supporting agriculture, industry, urban growth and hydroelectric power generation. They also hoped the compact would reduce conflict and litigation between the Colorado River Basin states.

But the framers of the compact could not anticipate the future water needs of the Southwest with its explosive growth after World War II. Demand for water quickly exceeded supply, and “water politics” remained ever contentious.

California was the 800-pound gorilla in the compact negotiations because it had an advantage over the other basin states.

“The doctrine of prior appropriation guides all Western water law. … (It) essentially states that whoever first diverts water from a stream or river and puts it to beneficial use can claim priority rights to that water,” said Paul Hirt, an emeritus professor of environmental history at ASU. “California had the population, industry and money to build their own diversions, dams, canals and pumps. They were already diverting a quarter of the water and the other six states were starting to panic, trying to figure out how they could equitably divide up the river before California got everything.”

Adding fuel to the fire was the fact that California contributed the least amount of runoff to the river. 

It took years of haggling to get something solid on paper. Finally, representatives from the seven basin states assembled on Nov. 9, 1922, in Santa Fe, New Mexico, with then-U.S. Commerce Secretary Herbert Hoover for a series of meetings to finalize the compact. Their core mission was to apportion the flow of the river among the seven basin states and Mexico.

The government had measured the river’s flow at Lees Ferry, Arizona, for several years and believed that 17 million acre-feet of river water flowed through the basin in an average year. They allocated 7.5 million acre-feet to the Upper Basin states and 7.5 million acre-feet to the Lower Basin states, with 1.5 million acre-feet allocated to Mexico. The remaining half-million acre-feet would serve as a buffer for droughts and evaporation.

Unfortunately, the decade prior to 1922 was an unusually wet period so the government substantially overestimated the amount of annual river flow. This would have been trouble enough, but climate change and the recent decades-long drought have exacerbated this deficit.

Today, the river is a shell of its former self, and the compact is more a liability than an asset, Hirt said.

“The states fight tooth and nail to retain their historic allocations, even though they are unworkable and, in many ways, inequitable,” Hirt said. “Originally designed as a solution, the 1922 compact now stymies our ability to adapt quickly to climate change and correct historical injustices.”

After almost three dozen meetings over a two-week period, the compact was finally signed on Nov. 24, 1922.The 1922 compact between Colorado River Basin states allocated to Arizona 2.8 million acre-feet of the 7.5 million acre-feet to be shared among the Lower Basin states of Arizona, California and Nevada. Hoping to secure a larger entitlement, Arizona refused to ratify the compact until 1944, leaving its Colorado River allotment in legal limbo during the 1920s and 1930s. Mexico would not receive its allocation of 1.5 million acre-feet annually until 1944.

While California had the population and resources to invest in large water infrastructure after 1922, Arizona in contrast could never afford the cost to bring water from the Colorado River hundreds of miles to its main urban and agricultural regions of greater Phoenix and Tucson. So, after decades of lobbying, Arizona finally convinced Congress in 1968 to fund and build the Central Arizona Project (CAP), a system of canals and pumps that lifts water more than 3,000 vertical feet and sends it more than 300 miles from the California border to the state’s thirstiest farms and metropolises. CAP was finished in 1993.

Waterwise, Arizona had finally arrived.

Early into the millennium, the Southwest entered an exceptional era of persistent drought.

And now we’re about to enter a new era — the era of the unknown.

Timeline of Arizona water over the last 100 years
Download full-size timeline

The boomerang effect

The Colorado River Compact was made by a few select men and impacted millions of people. But they never included a major group: Native American tribes.

This wasn’t a mere oversight or an act of shortsightedness but quite deliberate, according to one ASU expert.

“I think their exclusion was foolish in the extreme, and our current river management is evidence of that foolishness,” said Rhett Larson, the Richard Morrison Professor of Water Law at ASU’s Sandra Day O’ Connor College of Law. “We must call it what it is — racism, regardless of if it was active racism or the passive racism of thoughtlessness. Important voices who understood the river well, who had important ideas and strongly protected rights were left out of the conversation and should have been involved from the very beginning.”

ASU Law Professor Robert J. Miller (Eastern Shawnee) believes tribes were left out of the conversation for a much more sinister reason — that America was following its path of Manifest Destiny, an explicitly white nationalist ideology that intentionally marginalized people of color in the developing nation.

“It was definitely ethnic cleansing and perhaps even genocide underway,” said Miller, who is the Willard H. Pedrick Distinguished Research Scholar and the faculty director of the Rosette LLP American Indian Economic Development Program at ASU. “Federal Indian policies were all about assimilating Native Americans and just getting them out of the way.”

When the compact was approved in 1922, Native American tribes were in bad shape. The American government’s aim was to isolate them on reservations or to assimilate them into cities and destroy their traditional way of life. Disease, malnutrition, re-education programs, racial discrimination, economic marginalization and a diminishing land base left tribes with few options or recourse. They were on the ropes for the next several decades as Colorado River water was divvied up among the seven basin states with nothing allocated to tribes.

In 1963, Indigenous people were thrown a legal lifeline when the Supreme Court decided to look at the compact again after a suit brought forward from nearly a decade before, Arizona v. California. The court concluded that five Indian reservationsFort Mojave, Fort Yuma, Chemehuevi, Colorado River and Cocopah had reserved water rights and reservation lands that were capable of growing crops that were entitled to water allocations.

The next few decades saw a long period of water rights settlement involving Congressional legislation and water boomeranging back to some of the tribes after these rulings.

“Many of Arizona’s tribes have excellent representation, and they have very innovative and forward-thinking leadership in terms of water,” Larson said. “And because of that, they know how to assert those rights.”

Some are entering leasing agreements to sell their excess water to several cities and municipalities throughout the state. That could be potentially lucrative for some Arizona tribes — like those with high-priority water rights to mainstem Colorado River supplies, such as the Colorado River Indian Tribes, and those who have the legal authorization and means to convey their water to entities who want to buy it.

Not all tribes are in that situation, though, and many must continue to litigate and hope for settlements that will clarify their water rights and provide for the delivery of at least some of their water.

“Some are dealing with underinvestment in infrastructure and reliance on funding that was based on assumptions about future water supplies that haven’t held up,” Larson said. “Other tribes still remain in limbo, waiting for the outcome of litigation while the boomerang just sort of spins out in the distance.”

As of 2022, 14 of the 22 federally recognized Arizona tribes have settled water rights. A few — like the Hopi, Hualapai and Navajo — have not. And many tribes still largely hold what is known as “paper water” — a water right on paper — but little actual wet water.

“Wet water is when you pump it out of the river to use it,” Miller said. “(Paper water) is when the river flows by your land and you’re not allowed to use it. Most tribal water stays in the river.”

Melissa K. Nelson, a professor of Indigenous sustainability in the School of Sustainability and a member of the Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians, said, “The Native peoples of Arizona have faced egregious and unjust treatment by these water compacts, and a legacy of racism and erasure by Manifest Destiny.

“They, and all people of Arizona, face an uncertain future. Yet it will be the first peoples who have lived in this desert landscape for thousands of years who will be resilient and persevere through this drought transition, as they always have.”

Next in our series

Graphics by Alex Cabrera/ASU Media Relations.