What happens when whistleblowers “out” executives and the companies who knowingly cook the books?
New research shows some eye-opening results. Firms are hit with significantly higher financial penalties, and individuals who are convicted receive longer prison sentences, on top of stiffer fines — according to a paper recently published online in the Journal of Accounting Research.
“We had good reason to believe that whistleblowers help regulators bring stiffer penalties against the guilty parties. But we were surprised at the magnitude of our findings,” said Call.
Their findings
Whistleblower involvement is associated with an 8.5 percent increased likelihood of monetary sanctions on a company and a 6.6 percent increased likelihood of criminal sanctions against employees targeted in the investigation. In addition, regulators more quickly begin enforcement proceedings when whistleblowers are involved. Find the study here.
In terms of economic significance, here are some interesting results from the study — although the authors warn the estimates should be interpreted with caution because of skewness in distribution.
• firm penalties range from $8.7 million (without a whistleblower) to $30.5 million (with a whistleblower)
• employee penalties increase from $22.8 million to $69.4 million with a whistleblower
• prison sentences increase from 22.5 months to 41.9 months with a whistleblower
The researchers were careful to note that their findings are subject to several important limitations. For example, most of the whistleblower allegations in the sample data are obtained from OSHA, and researchers could not directly observe whether the SEC or DOJ actually used the information from each OSHA whistleblower. As a result, these cases represent potential whistleblower involvement.
For the sample of whistleblowers that filed a report with OSHA, researchers used the filing date of the whistleblowing allegation with OSHA as the relevant date for determining whether the whistleblower is a tipster or a nontipster. The researchers consider whistleblowers to be non-tipsters when the whistleblowing date is after the earliest known regulatory investigation or enforcement inquiry date. Of the 148 whistleblowing cases in the sample, 135 were classified as non-tipsters; the remaining 13 cases were classified as tipsters.
A common misconception about whistleblowers is that their primary role is to help discover and expose misconduct. However, the benefits of whistleblower involvement often arise after a regulator has already begun an investigation. Call says, “One important role of whistleblowers is to deter managers from engaging in misconduct, and both tipsters and non-tipsters are important in this regard.”
Industries most subjected to enforcement actions
• business equipment — 25 percent
• finance — 12 percent
• wholesale, retail — 12 percent
• healthcare, medical equipment, and drugs — 8 percent
• manufacturing — 8 percent
Researchers say overall, their findings are likely of interest to legislators who enact whistleblowing policies, to government officials who prosecute firms and executives accused of wrongdoing, and to targeted firms themselves.
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