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Solving a sweet problem for renewable biofuels and chemicals

June 30, 2017

ASU scientists harness the trial-and-error power of evolution to coax nature into revealing answer to energy challenge

Whether or not society shakes its addiction to oil and gasoline will depend on a number of profound environmental, geopolitical and societal factors.

But with current oil prices hovering around $50 dollars a barrel, it won’t likely be anytime soon.

Despite several major national research initiatives, no one has been able to come up with the breakthrough renewable biofuel technology that would lead to a cheaper alternative to gasoline. 

That research challenge led ASU scientists Reed Cartwright and Xuan Wang to enter the fray, teaming up to try to break through the innovation bottleneck for the renewable bioproduction of fuels and chemicals.

“My lab has been very interested in converting biomass such as agricultural wastes and even carbon dioxide into useful and renewable bio-based products,” said Wang
(pictured above, right), an assistant professor in the School of Life Sciences. “As a microbiologist, I’m interested in manipulating microbes as biocatalysts to do a better job.”

To do so, they’ve looked into a new approach: harnessing the trial-and-error power of evolution to coax nature into revealing the answer.

By growing bacteria over generations under specially controlled conditions in fermentation tanks, they have test-tube-evolved bacteria to better ferment sugars derived from biomass — a rich, potential renewable-energy source for the production of biofuels and chemicals. Their results appeared recently in the online edition of PNAS.

The research team includes postdoctoral scholar Christian Sievert, Lizbeth Nieves, Larry Panyon, Taylor Loeffler and Chandler Morris, and was led by Cartwright and Wang, in a collaboration between the ASU’s School of Life Sciences and the Biodesign Institute.

A sweet problem

The appeal of plants is ideal. Just add a little carbon dioxide, water and plentiful sunshine, and presto! Society has a rich new source of renewable carbons to use.  

Corn ethanol (using starch from corn for alcohol production primarily in the U.S.) has been one major biofuel avenue, and sugarcane another alternative (abundant in Brazil) — but there is a big drawback. Turning the sugar-rich kernels of corn or sugarcane into ethanol competes with the food supply.

So scientists over the past few decades have migrated to research on conversion of non-food-based plant materials into biofuels and chemicals. These so-called lignocellulosic biomasses, like tall switchgrasses and the inedible parts of corn and sugarcane (stovers, husks, bagasses, etc.) are rich in xylose, a five-carbon, energy-rich sugar relative of glucose.

Lignocellulosic biomass has an abundance of glucose and xylose, but industrial E. coli strains can’t use xylose because when glucose is available, it turns off the use of xylose. And so, to date, it has been an inefficient and costly to fully harvest and convert the xylose to biofuels. 

Benchtop evolution

Wang and Cartwright wanted to squeeze out more energy from xylose sugars. To do so, they challenged E. coli bacteria that could thrive comfortably on glucose — and switch out the growth medium broth to grow solely on xylose.

The bacteria would be forced to adapt to the new food supply or lose the growth competition.

They started with a single colony of bacteria that were genetically identical and ran three separate evolution experiments with xylose. At first, the bacteria grew very slowly. But remarkable, in no more than 150 generations, the bacteria adapted and, eventually, learned to thrive in the xylose broth. 

Next, they isolated the DNA from the bacteria and used next-generation DNA sequencing technology to examine the changes within the bacteria genomes. When they read out the DNA data, they could identify the telltale signs of evolution in action, mutations.

Nature finds a way

The bacteria, when challenged, randomly mutated their DNA until it could adapt to the new conditions. They held on to the fittest mutations over generations until they became fixed beneficial mutations.

And in each case, when challenged with xylose, the bacteria could grow well. Their next task was to find out what these beneficial mutations were and how did they work. To grow better on xylose, the three bacterial E. coli lines had “discovered” a different set of mutations to the same genes. The single mutations the research team identified all could enhance xylose fermentation by changing bacterial sugar metabolism.

“This suggests that there are potentially multiple evolutionary solutions for the same problem, and a bacterium’s genetic background may predetermine its evolutionary trajectories,” said Cartwright, a researcher at ASU’s Biodesign Institute and assistant professor in the School of Life Sciences.  

The most interesting mutation happened in a regulatory protein called XylR whose normal function is to control xylose utilization. Just two amino acid switches in the XylR could enhance xylose utilization and release the glucose repression, even in the non-mutated original hosts.

Through some clever genetic tricks, when the XlyR mutant was placed back in a normal “wild-type” strain or an industrial E. coli biocatalyst, it could also now grow on xylose and glucose, vastly improving the yield. Wang’s team saw up to a 50 percent increase in the product after four days of fermentation. 

Together, Wang and Cartwright’s invention has now significantly boosted the potential of industrial E. coli to be used for biofuel production from lignocellulosic materials. In addition, they could use this same genetic approach for other E. coli strains for different products.

Arizona Technology Enterprises (AzTE) is filing a non-provisional patent for their discovery. Wang hopes they can partner with industry to scale up their technology and see if this invention will increase economic viability for bioproduction.  

“With these new results, I believe we’ve solved one big, persistent bottleneck in this field,” Wang said. 

Top photo: ASU undergraduate Eric Taylor (left) and Xuan Wang demonstrate the fermentation tanks used in the benchtop evolution experiments.​

Joe Caspermeyer

Manager (natural sciences) , Media Relations & Strategic Communications

480-727-4858

ASU instructor given the opportunity of a lifetime to benefit another culture

Darien Keane to teach communication, help develop program in Sudan


June 30, 2017

Darien Keane will spend the month of July halfway across the world teaching communication to benefit students of another country.

Keane, instructor in the Hugh Downs School of Human Communication, will spend the remainder of her summer in Sudan working with ASU alum Neal Van Hydershadt, who teaches rhetoric and composition at the American University in Cairo. Hydershadt and Keane are working with the Bridges International Organization, which are coordinating the international project with the Sudanese Ministry of Human Resource Development.   Darien Keane Download Full Image

“The opportunity to work in a new culture on the African continent seemed like a chance of a lifetime,” said Keane. “I am excited to use my experience teaching communication to benefit another country.”

The joint project is to create and deliver a business-communications training for a new certificate that the Sudanese Ministry anticipates becoming part of a continuing adult education program at a local university.

Keane is part of a team of three course developers currently creating the pilot program, which will continue to be a work-in-progress during the summer. The title of the course is “English Writing and Communication Skills in Business and Professional Settings.”

Each course developer will have 20 students and a teaching assistant. They will teach through the entire curriculum over the course of the project. The total in-class time is about 95 hours.

“I expect I will get to know these students really well,” Keane said.

The students participating in the program must have a working knowledge of English and need to apply for acceptance into the pilot program. Participating students will be government employees who work with the public, and most will have a college degree.

“The objectives of the courses are to help the employees become more familiar and comfortable with communicating with Westerners and with using English,” said Keane. 

Topics being covered include: the communication process, listening skills, best emailing practices, introducing a colleague, small talk, running a meeting and giving a presentation.

Keane plans to incorporate her international teaching experience into the communication courses she teaches at ASU, introduction to communication and small-group communication.

She also hopes to grow her teaching practices in new ways and gain new ideas of teaching activities through her collaboration with the two other professors.

“I look forward to immersing myself in a new culture that is very different from my own,” Keane said. “I hope to come away with a deeper understanding of cross-cultural communication and the communication training process." 

Lynne MacDonald

communications specialist, School of Music

480-727-7189