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ASU program to help tackle the tough hurdles in renewable energy

ASU research uncovers problems, seeks solutions for green energy transition.
Massive German project makes clear the complexity of sustainability challenges.
January 20, 2017

Transitioning to a greener system has proved difficult around the world, but new, energy-focused PhD aims to create problem-solvers

The green energy story tends to be rosy: Costa Rica runs entirely on renewables! Portugal runs on wind for four days! Germany comes within 90 percent of its energy needs on a May day in 2016!

Is it all really that rosy? In a post-Paris agreement world, as countries pivot towards sun and wind power, what will the hurdles really look like?

They will be significant and often unforeseen, according to an essay published in Issues in Science and Technology by Christine Sturm, a PhD candidate in ASU’s School of Sustainability. “Germany’s energy transition is coming at a very high cost,” Sturm writes. “Energy systems are complex amalgams of technologies, institutions, markets, regulations and social arrangements. Nations have little experience intervening in such socio-technical systems.” 

But it’s exactly the kind of problem being tackled by the School of Sustainability with a new degree in sustainable energy slated to kick off in August.

“That’s the idea,” said Martin Pasqualetti, a professor in the School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, and a senior sustainability scientist in the Julie Ann Wrigley Global Institute of Sustainability. “We’ll train PhDs who will work on this type of thing.”

Sturm, seeking her doctorate in sustainability, which has a broader scope than the sharp focus of sustainable energy, is a veteran of German energy. She has worked on market deregulation, as an industry spokesperson, and in several executive positions at RWE, Europe’s largest energy provider.

Germany is one of the first countries to make a concerted effort to go green, but it’s not on target to meet greenhouse gas emissions goals.

“Energiewende,” or “Energy Turnaround,” is a massive German project on the scale of the American New Deal or Soviet five-year plans, which began to turn German energy green in 1991. The goal? Reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 80 to 95 percent from 1990 levels by 2050, without nukes but with affordable energy.

Ramping up to capacity, with huge public support, is a win. Exploding energy costs, failed policy tools like German and European Union trading plans, and reeling utility companies, coupled with a failure to meet goals, are the dark side.

“The major challenge for Energiewende-like programs is to integrate intermittent sources of power into existing energy systems,” Sturm said in the essay. “But despite all efforts to convert excess electrical power to hydrogen, methane, heat or other storable commodities, and despite all progress made in battery research, storing the electricity necessary to solve Germany’s intermittency problem remains technologically, economically and politically out of reach.”

Pasqualetti recognizes the challenge, calling the initiation of the PhD in sustainable energy “the most significant advancement we’ve had since I’ve been here.”

Inherent in sustainable energy “is ‘energy transition,’” he said. “That’s what we’re working on.”

Pasqualetti studies energy as a social issue, the creation and reuse of energy landscapes, and public acceptance of renewable energy technology.

“We’re going to be a leading educational institution on this,” he said, citing classes on solar, algae, battery storage, wind and other renewables. “There’s a lot of interest from students in doing renewable work. They won’t all be PhDs.”

The biggest issue — and one that’s a universal problem for renewable energy — is intermittency. The wind doesn’t blow every day, nor does the sun appear every day. What do you do on still, overcast days?

“An optimist might declare that the very fact that Germany’s electricity grid has not collapsed must mean that the intermittency problem is well on the way to being solved,” Sturm said. “In reality, collapse has been averted only through two mechanisms that run directly counter to the goals of the Energiewende.”

Intermittency is balanced by running fossil power plants when conditions aren’t right for renewables. On sunny and windy days, Germany produced so much power it had to push the surplus on neighboring grids, disturbing their systems and creating additional costs. “Thus, these solutions are neither economically sustainable nor carbon-free,” Sturm wrote.

The solution doesn’t exist yet, but smart government is key to making a transition to green work, Pasqualetti said.

“Policy is very, very important in making this transition,” Pasqualetti said. “If you wait for the free market, you could be waiting forever. It’s very slow-going. You have to enstate policies to get you over that hump. No one wants to take the risk. So you give them a policy to invest in solar, or invest in wind or whatever, and they can make money.”

Scott Seckel

Reporter , ASU News

 
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Make it at 'mkrspace': ASU hub of creative creation

ASU celebrates #Hayden50 years by looking to the future with "Maker Monday."
Library's mkrspace helps students, professors explore creative ways to learn.
Don't know how to use mkrspace's equipment? Don't worry; staff is there to help.
January 20, 2017

For 50th anniversary, Hayden Library hosts event to show off tech-based DIY center

In the past year, news organizations from The Atlantic to Fortune to Scientific American have reported on the “maker movement,” a technology-based extension of do-it-yourself culture that emphasizes learning through doing in a social environment. A November NPR story noted that the movement is alive in both community and school settings.

One of the schools where maker culture is being embraced is Arizona State University, whose Hayden Library is hosting “Maker Monday” Jan. 23 from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m. in its second-floor “mkrspace,” in celebrationThe official 50th anniversary celebration will take place Wednesday, Jan. 25, at 4 p.m. Hayden Library on the Tempe campus. of the library’s 50th anniversary.

Barely a year old, the mkrspace is just one of a growing number of spaces across ASU offering a host of “mkrservices” that include access to 3-D printers, sewing machines, vinyl cutting, book scanning, film and studio space, and more.

“The mkrspace and what we’re doing with all of the mkrservices is tied to how we’re rethinking the library,” head of research and development for ASU Libraries Philip Konomos said. “This isn’t the library of 10 years ago. … It’s not about books anymore, it’s about learning spaces where students can collaborate and innovate.”

In addition to the mkrspace, there’s the mkrstudio on the third floor of Hayden Library offering video and audio production, as well as mkrgeo, a geographically themed makerspace on the third floor of Noble Library where students can build landforms and water bodies in the sand, 3-D print architectural models and experiment in cartography with paper maps.

“The vision is to have an overarching maker brand, and then to have instances in multiple libraries that match the needs of the communities that they’re serving,” ASU Libraries administrator Jennifer Duvernay said. “And that ties it into the academic library’s mission, to provide equitable access to resources.”

The services in each space are available to ASU students, faculty and staff free of charge, and there is always staff on hand to assist with any needs.

Joel Smalley, project coordinator for Hayden Library’s second-floor mkrspace, has been there since it opened in the spring of 2016. His business cards rest on his desk in a half-built model of the Eiffel Tower, a “repurposed failed 3-D print.” (The full, successful 3-D print of the tower resides downstairs in Charlie’s Café.)

Like all the staffers in the space — many of whom are student workers — Smalley is well-versed in every tool and piece of machinery. But his latest contribution was less technical, and more human: Smalley was working with a professor who wanted to teach a workshop on 3-D printing when he noticed she was having trouble explaining the intricacies in English.

“I decided to go with her strength and asked if she’d like to teach it in Mandarin,” Smalley said. The professor accepted, and now the mkrspace offers workshops taught entirely in Mandarin, Russian and Arabic.

The professor told Smalley being able to teach and learn in your native language “takes away two barriers: Technology can be intimidating to begin with, and learning about it in a different language can be even more intimidating.”

Inclusivity is another hallmark of the mkrservices.

“One of the inherent challenges with anything as big as ASU is trying to include the diverse student populations, and that’s something that the makerspaces have been really good about,” ASU Libraries communications specialist Brittany Lewis said.

There have even been talks about collaborating with other Arizona universities’ makerspaces on a once-a-week workshop focused on the creative work of self-identified women, trans and femme makers.

“They’re really trying to make it an inclusive space for all communities,” Lewis added, “and if you can get the most diverse amount of people in one space, what can come out of that can be very interesting.”

Working together is not only encouraged but vital to the maker movement. And it’s not just the students who are doing it. ASU Libraries officials often have video chat sessions with UofA and NAU makerspace personnel regarding best practices.

“We’re not in competition with them,” ASU Libraries chief technology officer Steve Tanner said. “We visit with them, we learn from them and vice versa. It’s very much a collaborative spirit amongst the maker community.”

There’s also a big push to get more faculty engaged with the spaces.

“The mkrservices give faculty the opportunity to assign invention and creativity” instead of the usual papers and speeches, digital services librarian Wes Edens said. “Students can actually be assigned to express themselves a little bit more.”

In celebration of the Mexican holiday Day of the Dead, a professor brought students to the mkrspace to create 3-D prints of sugar skulls. Another professor had students use the book scanner and vinyl cutter to scan original sketches onto vinyl.

The third-floor mkrstudio is very popular with professors as well, who, Edens said, have used it to allow their students to compete in video case competitions and to record lectures for online courses, among other things.

“As you can imagine, almost any class might want to have a video component to it,” he said.

Though there may be a learning curve for some, library officials have faith that students can help professors get more involved. Even so, they’re happy to meet with faculty to show them everything the mkrservices can add to their curriculum. Recently, they met with some life sciences professors to show them some sample lesson plans and demonstrate how they could create 3-D models of DNA and proteins that could be passed around in class.

On a recent Thursday, assistant professor Monica De La Torre brought her Latina/o media and pop culture class to the mkrspace for an assignment that required them to create a product based on the class’ theme. She hoped using the space would get students to embrace their creative sides.

Interdisciplinary studies senior Natalie Figueroa was shocked by all the space had to offer.

“I’ve got so many ideas now,” she said. One is to create a Latina/o-themed garment using the sewing machine. “I was going to pay to take sewing lessons, but now I can just come here.

“I think I’m going to be using this space for a lot of other things, too. I was just talking to my friend about expanding our work skills, and this space allows you to get experience in all those little areas you never thought about before.”

Getting students excited about learning is what it’s all about, say library officials.

“It’s an opportunity for students to succeed in new ways,” Tanner said. “They get the chance to try something that’s way outside their wheelhouse, something they’ve never even thought of trying before, and they do it, and they find that they do it well.”

The spaces bring out a level of enthusiasm in students that is encouraging to the maker mission.

“It really goes to the heart of student satisfaction, student success,” Edens said. “The happier they are with their learning, the more joy that is brought into their learning process, the more successful they’re going to be. And I think the makerspaces are key to that.”

Top photo: Junior Allan Garry (left), an aerospace engineering major, adjusts settings on a 3-D printer in Hayden Library's second-floor mrkspace. This mkrspace was founded last spring and is under the direction of project coordinator Joel Smalley (right). Photo by Anya Magnuson/ASU Now

Emma Greguska

Editor, ASU News

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