China looks to science, technology to fuel its plans for innovation-based economy

April 9, 2014

Maintaining stability in the face of rapid change and growth, and proactively partaking in cooperative global ties in science and technology fields will be key in helping China become an innovation-based economy, according to Denis Simon, vice provost for International Strategic Initiatives at Arizona State University.

One of the world’s leading experts on science, technology and innovation in China, Simon recently hosted an ASU conference that focused on the evolving role of science and technology in China’s international relations. Supplemented with strategic investments in research and development over the last five years, a more active participation in cross-border science and technology collaboration is also allowing China to have a greater voice and more influence in setting the global agenda regarding specific focus areas on an international platform. China is becoming increasingly effective at using science and technology diplomacy to promote economic and trade cooperation, such as with its 2011 launch of the China-Africa Science and Technology Partnership Program. man speaking at podium Download Full Image

“In the past, China shared asymmetrical relationships with most countries, especially from the West,” said Simon. “When it came to science and technology cooperation, it was often simply the recipient of technologies as part of a very hierarchical relationship. In today’s world of globally-oriented knowledge networks, we are seeing China shift away from the traditional unilateral patterns of technology transfer to establishing more bilateral, mutually beneficial patterns by strengthening its domestic innovation system. Chinese officials now understand that to get technology, you increasingly have to have some technology and related capabilities.”

The ASU conference featured more than 30 speakers and panelists from all over the world, including Xue Lan from China’s Tsinghua University, Wang Zhongcheng from China Science and Technology Exchange Center, Liu Xielin from the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nannan Lundin from Sweden’s Global Challenge and Mark Cohen from the United States Patent and Trademark Office.

The panel of experts examined a diverse array of topics, including the policies and strategies that drive China’s international science and technology relations; its government-to-government relationships with specific countries; international space competition; China’s role in climate change and clean energy; changing patterns of technology transfer to and from China; and China’s evolving role in the global intellectual property regime.

The conference also looked at the role of China’s returning scientists and engineers, many of whom have graduate degrees from North America and Europe. These returnees have the potential to play a catalytic role as China tries to improve its research and development infrastructure.

Cao Cong, a faculty member from the University of Nottingham in the United Kingdom, said that more than 1.4 million Chinese citizens living or working abroad had returned to China by the end of 2013. He noted that most returnees have focused on building institutions supporting science and technology, as well as on efforts to improve the management and funding of research and development activities.

The Chinese government systematically has supported the return of its talented citizens by launching programs like The Thousand Young Talent program and the Chang Jiang Scholars Program.

“However, there are a few emerging concerns,” said Cao. “Researchers from China and abroad are carefully watching the role of the Chinese government in determining research productivity and culture. They are also paying close attention to China’s short term versus long term research goals, the accountability of the scientific community to the public and political leadership, and the role returnees will play in pursuing excellence in research versus challenging the current system.”

Nannan Lundin from Global Challenge, an independent Swedish think tank, remarked that while China’s rapid growth as the world’s second largest economy is a source of outside admiration and national pride, it is important to ask some pointed questions.

“China won’t be considered an innovation economy unless it is seen as a global commercial success,” Lundin said. “Not only do we need international collaboration for multidisciplinary work to overcome the gaps in basic research and new knowledge creation, but we also need to train Chinese researchers to apply their knowledge suitably to drive commercial success.”

“China steadily positioning itself to play a more active and important role in international science and technology affairs is a good development,” said Simon. “I cannot imagine one single current global science and technology-related problem or challenge – including climate change, new energy, world health, etc. – that will not require close collaboration between China, the U.S. and the world’s other major advanced countries to find real solutions.”

Or as Li Xin of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China said while commenting on global S&T issues, “We are not only part of the problem, but we are part of the solution too.”

Iti Agnihotri

Director of Strategic Marketing and Communications, Learning Enterprise

479-236-9969 iti@asu.edu

Determining the sustainability of water, agriculture in Ariz.

Central Arizona has a rich history of agriculture, contributing $9.2 billion toward the state’s economy.

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Determining the sustainability of water, agriculture in Ariz.

April 9, 2014

Central Arizona has a rich history of agriculture, contributing $9.2 billion toward the state’s economy. That water has near-absolute power in determining the region’s fate is not an over-reaching assumption. With increasing urban development and an uncertain climate, is this industry doomed or can it be sustained?

Researchers at Arizona State University have been studying the issue, talking to farmers about how to keep their industry on a sustainable path. They argue that a mutually inclusive and ongoing conversation among the agricultural community, urban residents, water agencies and policymakers is necessary if the region would like to maintain an agrarian footprint in the future. sprinkler watering crops Download Full Image

The research, supported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the National Science Foundation, is one of few that have examined the vulnerability of irrigated agriculture to uncertain climate and unrelenting urban development, according to lead researchers Hallie Eakin, associate professor in ASU’s School of Sustainability, and Abigail York, associate professor in the School of Human Evolution and Social Change.

Population growth in central Arizona has forced researchers, water resource managers and policymakers to turn their critical eye to the distribution of the region’s finite water supply. More often than not, the spotlight is focused on water used by agriculture.

Many may not know it, but Arizona ranks among the top producers nationally for a variety of crops, including cotton, alfalfa, hay, lettuce and citrus. According to a 2010 report released by Arizona Department of Water Resources, agriculture in Maricopa and Pinal counties accounts for 47 and 96 percent of water usage within the counties, respectively, while the agricultural output in Maricopa County is second in the state, followed by Pinal in third place.

The researchers say that policies instituted by the Groundwater Management Act in 1980 have been successful in reducing pressure on groundwater resources by shifting farmers on to Colorado River water through the Central Arizona Project (CAP).

“Central Arizona farmers have traditionally been shielded from variable and extreme climatic events – a condition that will be harder to sustain in light of recent climate studies that show that surface water sources, including rivers, lakes and streams, are less reliable than previously assumed,” York said.

The scientists found that most farmers in the region are educated, motivated, entrepreneurial producers who are eager to learn more about water conservation and irrigation improvement programs to ensure that agriculture remains an integral part of the state’s future. Yet, they feel they lack a voice.

“Farmers say their needs are not valued as much as those dealing with urban demands,” Eakin said. “Key players need to be asked pointed questions regarding what is desired and why, and the pros and cons of retaining an agrarian footprint in the region.”

York said that conflicts along the edge of cities are likely due to a lack of understanding of agricultural activities. Better outreach and education of urban residents about the nature of agriculture could help resolve the issues.

“The agricultural community also believes that federal environmental policy and agencies are in direct opposition to its best interests and future,” York said. “Hence, it is critical to identify opportunities to communicate farmers’ concerns to policymakers and agencies, and vice versa, for a peaceful coexistence.”

Eakin calls the assumption that agriculture will and should give way to urban development, “premature.”

“States all over the Southwest are facing a similar situation,” she said. “A bigger picture that takes into consideration the benefits of agriculture, including food security, revenue, jobs and heat island mitigation, would help to inform the decision-making process that will ultimately lead to central Arizona’s sustainable future.”

Co-authors of the study include Rimjhim Aggarwal and Marty Andries of Arizona State University, and Summer Waters, Nick Pacini and Ayman Mostafa of University of Arizona Cooperative Extension, Maricopa County. The graduate student team consisted of Skaidra Smith-Heisteres, Haley Paul, Cathy Rubiños and Chrissie Bausch of Arizona State University.